DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF GEAR BOX
SYSTEM FOR THREE WHEELER AUTO
A PROJECT REPORT
ABSTRACT
Now a day, machines are widely controlled by embedded
system. To meet the need of exploding population economic and effective control
of machines is necessary. In our project gear box system fabricated for three wheeler auto rickshaw. Gear box contain gearing
arrangement to get different speeds. Gears are used to get more than one speed
ratios. When both mating gears have same number of teeth, both will rotate at
same number speed. But when one gear has less teeth than other, the gear with
less number of teeth will rotate faster than larger gear. Power
at the rear wheels move the vehicle forward overcoming external forces.
Differential rod is located between the engine and wheel. It is also known as
yoke rod.Its is used to convert axle of rotation. In Three-wheeler,five gears is used. When the gear tooth is in the disengaged position, the power
transfer is interrupted. Gearbox provides different torque at the rear wheel
according to the requirements by engaging different gear combination.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
•
We should wear proper uniform and shoes.
•
We should handle all tools and parts carefully.
•
Keep a fire extinguisher near your work space.
•
Donot allow children near the auto while working on
it.
•
Never trust a jack rather buy some sturdy stands and
use them whenever you need to cravel underneath your auto .
•
Never leave tools on the battery, where they might
shorhe terminals the and create spark.
•
To avoid damaged tools on workplaces.
•
Keep loose clothing and long hair from moving parts.
•
Always wear eye protection while operating any
machine.
•
Do not run the
engine for long in an enclosed
space.
•
Machines should be cleaned after use
•
Do not keep the petrol tank open.
NOMENCLATURE
L Length
B Breath
D Depth
A Area
J Joule
KJ
kilo Joule
T Temperature
P pressure
F Force
t Thickness
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Gears are the most
common means of transmitting power in mechanical engineering.There are tiny
gears for devices like wrist watches and there are large gears thatsome of you
might have noticed in the movie Titanic. Gears form vital elements of
mechanisms in many machines such as vehicles, metal tooling machine tools,
rollingmills, hoisting and transmitting machinery, marine engines, and the
like. Toothedgears are used to change the speed, power, and direction between
an input andoutput shaft
Gears are used for increasing the torque of the source of
rotary motion havinghigh angular momentum and low torque. This high torque is
necessary forperformance of work. This phenomenon of increase in torque is
called gearreduction and is brought about by coupling of a smaller gear called
the pinionwith a larger gear. This results in reduction of torque at the
expense of angularmomentum. Such a gearbox is called a reducer. One more
application ofgears is to change the axis or plane of rotary motion with or
without gearreduction
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Ø
227 – 239 AD – Despite doubts from fellow
ministers at court, Ma Jun from the Kingdom of Wei in China invents the first historically verifiable South Pointing Chariot, which
provided cardinaldirection as a non-magnetic, mechanized
compass.
Ø
658, 666 AD – two Chinese Buddhist monks and
engineers create South Pointing Chariots for Emperor Tenjiof Japan.
Ø
1027, 1107 AD – Documented Chinese reproductions
of the South Pointing Chariot by Yan Su and then Wu Deren, which described in
detail the mechanical functions and gear ratios of the device much more so than
earlier Chinese records.
Ø
1720 – Joseph Williamson uses a differential
gear in a clock.
Ø
1810 – Rudolph Ackermann of Germany
invents a four-wheel steering system for carriages, which some later writers
mistakenly report as a differential.
Ø
1827 – modern automotive
differential patented by watchmaker
Ø
1832 – Richard Roberts of
England patents 'gear of compensation', a differential for road locomotives.
Ø
1876 – James Starleyof Coventry invents
chain-drive differential for use on bicycles; invention later used on
automobiles by Karl Benz.
CHAPTER 3
GEAR WORKS:
3.1Gear purpose:
Gears are generally used for one of four different reasons:
o
To reverse the direction of rotation
o
To increase or decrease the speed of rotation •
o
To move rotational motion to a different axis
o
To keep the rotation of two axis synchronized
3.2Gear box
Ø
A gear is a toothed wheel designed to transmit
the force to another gear or toothed component. The teeth of a gear is known as
cogs. They are shaped to minimize wear, vibration and noise and at the same
time maximize the efficiency of power transmission.
Ø Gears
of different size, the larger one is called a wheel and the smaller one is
called a pinion, are used in pairs so that the force of the driving gear can
produce a larger force in the driven gear, that also at a lower speed or it can
be for the purpose of producing a smaller force at a higher speed.
3.3Fundamental law of gearing:
The common normal of the tooth profiles at all points within the mesh
must always pass through a fixed point on the line of the centers called pitch
point. Then the gearset’s velocity ratio
will be constant through the mesh and be equal to the ratio of the gear radii.
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN AND FABRICATION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
A differential
is a gear train with three shafts that has the property that the angular
velocity of one shaft is the average of the angular velocities of the others,
or a fixed multiple of that average., it helps to have the knowledge of
different components and its working.
4.2 SELECTION OF AUTO RICKSHAW
Figure4.1
In India the Ape is most commonly found in the form of an
auto rickshaw. A relatively small number of Apes is still made in Italy. On
October 16, 2013, Piaggio announced that the production of Ape would be
completely shut down in Italy and entirely moved to India.
4.3 MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR THREE WHEELER AUTO
SL
|
COMPONENTS
|
QUANTITY
|
1
|
4
stroke engine
|
1
|
2
|
Transmission shaft
|
1
|
3
|
Yoke rod &
coupling
|
2
|
4
|
Clutch plate
|
1
|
5
|
Petrol tank
|
1
|
6
|
Gear box setup
|
1
|
7
|
Brake
wires
|
2
|
8
|
Clutch wires
|
2
|
9
|
Bolts & Nuts
|
1 box
|
10
|
Starting lever
|
1
|
Table 4.1MATERIAL
REQUIRED FOR THREE WHEELER AUTO
4.4DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION:
Figure4.2
4.5 THREE WHEELER AUTO RICKSHAW
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.4 THREE WHEELER AUTO CHASE WITHOUT GEAR BOX
4.6Technical specification of Auto Rickshaw
Bajaj Auto Rickshaw
This type of auto
rickshaw is in great use for commercial transportation. Specially designed for
better performance the vehicle is entitled with durability, good looks and fuel
efficiency.
4.6.1Technical specifications:
Engine
Type
|
2 Stroke
|
Cooling Type
|
Forced Air Cooled
|
Displacement
|
145.45 cc
|
Max Power
|
7
bhp( 5.15 kW) @ 5000 rpm
|
Max Torque
|
12.1 Nm @ 3500 rpm
|
Ignition Type
|
CDI
|
Transmission Type
|
4 forward and one reverse
|
Clutch Type
|
Wet multidisc type
|
Electrical System
System 12V
AC + DC
Head Light 35/35W
Horn 12
V AC
|
|
Chassis
Chassis Type Monocoque
Maximum Payload 333
kg
Suspension
|
|
Front
|
Helical
spring and hydraulic shock absorber with antidive
|
Suspension
|
link
|
Rear
|
Independent
suspension with spring and hydraulic shock
|
Suspension
|
Absorber
|
Tyres
|
Front Tyre Size 4.00-8, 4PR
Rear Tyre Size 4.00-8,
4PR 2 Nos.
Transmission (gears)
4 Forward + 1 Reverse
Brakes
Front Brakes Drum Hydraulic
Rear Brakes Drum Hydraulic
CHAPTER 5
FUNCTIONAL DISCRIPTION
The following
description of a differential applies to a "traditional"
rear-wheel-drive car or truck with an "open" or limited slip
differential. Torque is
supplied from the engine, via the transmission, to
a driveshaft (British
term: 'propeller shaft', commonly and informally abbreviated to 'prop-shaft'),
which runs to the final drive unit and
contains the differential. A spiral bevel pinion gear
takes its drive from the end of the propeller shaft, and is encased within the
housing of the final drive unit. This meshes with the large spiral bevel ring
gear, known as the crown wheel.
5.1Loss of traction
One undesirable
side effect of a conventional differential is that it can reduce overall torque – the
rotational force which propels the vehicle. The amount of torque required to
propel the vehicle at any given moment depends on the load at that instant –
how heavy the vehicle is, how much drag and friction there is, the gradient of
the road, the vehicle's momentum, and so on. For the purpose of this article,
we will refer to this amount of torque as the "threshold torque"
5.2Epicyclic differential
An epicyclic
differential uses epicyclic gearing to
split and apportion torque asymmetrically
between the front and rear axles. An epicyclic differential is at the heart of
the Toyota Prius automotive
drive train, where it interconnects the engine, motor-generators, and the drive
wheels (which have a second differential for splitting torque as usual). It has
the advantage of being relatively compact along the length of its axis (that
is, the sun gear shaft)
5.3Spur-gear differential
This is another
type of differential that was used in some early automobiles, more recently the
Oldsmobile
Toronado, as well as other non-automotive applications. It consists
of spur gears only.A
spur-gear differential has two equal-sized spur gears, one for each half-shaft,
with a space between them. Instead of the Bevel gear, also
known as a miter gear, assembly (the "spider") at the centre of the
differential, there is a rotating carrier on the same axis as the two shafts.
Torque from a prime mover or
transmission, such
as the drive shaft of a car, rotates this carrier.Mounted in this carrier are
one or more pairs of identical pinions, generally longer than their diameters,
and typically smaller than the spur gears on the individual half-shafts. Each
pinion pair rotates freely on pins supported by the carrier. Furthermore, the
pinions pairs are displaced axially, such that they mesh only for the part of
their length between the two spur gears, and rotate in opposite directions.
5.4Non-automotive applications
A differential
gear train can also be used to allow a difference between two input axles.
Mills often used such gears to apply torque in the required axis. It's also
used in fine mechanical watches with a hand to show the amount of reserve power
in the mainspring.The oldest known example of a differential was once thought
to be in the Antikythera
mechanism. It was supposed to have used such a train to produce the
difference between two inputs, one input related to the position of the sun on the zodiac, and the
other input related to the position of the moon on the zodiac; the
output of the differential gave a quantity related to the moon's phase. It
has now been proven that the assumption of the existence of a differential
gearing arrangement was incorrect.
Differentials,
usually flat but also spherical, are used in wristwatches to allow the power
reserve to be indicated. Power from the mainspring is split via the
differential to the time indications and the power reserve indicator.
Differentials are also used in watchmaking to link two separate regulating
systems with the aim of averaging out errors. GreubelForseyuse
a spherical differential to link two double tourbillon systems in their
Quadruple Differential Tourbillon.
5.5Active differentials
A relatively new
technology is the electronically-controlled 'active differential'. An electronic control
unit (ECU) uses inputs from multiple sensors, including yaw rate,
steering input angle, and lateral acceleration – and adjusts the distribution
of torque to
compensate for undesirable handling behaviours like understeer. Active
differentials used to play a large role in the World Rally
Championship, but in the 2006 season the FIA has
limited the use of active differentials only to those drivers who have not
competed in the World Rally
Championship in the last five years.
Fully integrated
active differentials are used on the Ferrari F430, Mitsubishi Lancer
Evolution, and on the rear wheels in the Acura RL. A
version manufactured by ZF is
also being offered on the latest Audi S4 and
Audi A4.
The second
constraint of the differential is passive – it is actuated by the friction
kinematics chain through the ground. The difference in torque on the roadwheels
and tires (caused by turns or bumpy ground) drives the second degree of freedom,
(overcoming the torque of inner friction) to equalise the driving
torque on the tires. The sensitivity of the differential depends on the inner
friction through the second degree of freedom. All of the differentials (so
called “active” and “passive”) use clutches and brakes for restricting the
second degree of freedom, so all suffer from the same disadvantage – decreased
sensitivity to a dynamically changing environment. The sensitivity of the ECU
controlled differential is also limited by the time delay caused by sensors and
the response time of the actuators.
Ø Aron's
electricity meter, an
early electricity meter, relying
on the use of a mechanical differential.
5.6Function Of A Gear Box
Ø Torque ratio
between the engine
and wheels to be varied
for rapid acceleration and for climbing gradients.
Ø It provides
means of reversal of vehicle motion.
Ø Transmission can
be disconnected from
engine by neutral position of gear box
CHAPTER 6
DESIGN OF THREE WHEELER
6.1Frame:
The frame serves
as a skeleton upon which parts like gearbox and engine are mounted. It can be
made of steel, aluminum or an alloy. It keeps the wheels in line to maintain
the handling of the three-wheeler.
6.2Suspension:
It is a
collection of springs and shock absorbers. It can be of two types: front
suspension and rear suspension. It insulates both the rider and the bulk of the
machine from road shocks and also keeps the wheels in the closest possible
contact with the ground and gives control of the vehicle to the rider. The
front suspension helps to guide the front wheel, to steer, to spring, to
dampen, and to provide support under braking.
6.3Wheels:
A wheel is a
circular object which with an axle, allows low friction in motion by rolling. A
wheel is made up of the rim and spokes or disc plate. Wheels should be aligned
properly because it directly influences driving. Two-wheeler wheels are
generally of aluminum or steel rims with spokes.
Figure 6.1
6.4Brakes:
Generally, there
are two independent brakes on a two-wheeler: one set on the front wheel and one
on the rear, however, there are many models which have 'linked brakes' and
apply both at the same time. The front brake is generally much more powerful
than the rear brake. Brakes can either be drum or disc based. When the rider
operates one of the brakes, a fluid element known as hydraulics is pressurized
to provide the required forces to squeeze the brake pad material onto the rotor
and slow down or stop the vehicle.
CHAPTER 7
GEAR RATIO CALCULATION
7.1Gear Box :
Gear box contain gearing arrangement to get different speeds. Gears are used to get more than one speed ratios. When both mating gears have same number of teeth, both will rotate at same number speed. But when one gear has less teeth than other, the gear with less number of teeth will rotate faster than larger gear. In a typical car, there may be six gears including one reverse gear. First gear gives low speed but high torque. Higher gears give progressively increasing speeds. Gears are engaged and disengaged by a shift lever.
Figure 7.1
7.2Formulas And Calculation
Finding
gear ratio:
1st gear = PR *(T8/T9)
2nd
gear= PR*(T6/T5)
3rd
gear= PR*(T4/T3)
4th
gear= 1:1
Permanent
reduction (PR) = (T2/T1)
T3, T5, T7
No. of teeth on driver
7.3Experimental Calculation
Calculation of gear ratios
Driver
|
Driven
|
||||||
Sl no
|
Gears
|
Shaft
|
Teeth
|
No of teeth
|
Shaft
|
Teeth
|
No of teeth
|
1
2
3
4
|
First
Second
Third
Fourth
|
Main
Shaft
|
T8
T6
T4
T2
|
57
53
47
41
|
Lay Shaft
|
T7
T5
T3
T1
|
12
17
22
29
|
Table7 .1 CALCULATION OF GEAR RATIO
Permanent reduction (PR)
=T2/T1
First gear ratio
=PR*(T8/T7)
=1*(57/12)
=4.75
First gear ratio=1:4.75
Second gear ratio
=PR*(T6/T5)
=1*53/17
=3.117
Second gear ratio=1:3.117
Third gear
ratio=1*47/22
=2.3416
Third gear ratio=1:2.3416
Fourth gear ratio=1
Fourth gear ratio=1:1
7.4AGMA Standard Gear Specifications
Parameter
|
Coarse pitch (pd=N/d<20)
|
Fine pitch (pd=N/d>20)
|
Pressure angle, f
|
200 or 250 (not common)
|
200
|
Addendum, a
|
1/pd
|
1/pd
|
Dedendum, b
|
1.25/pd
|
1.25/pd
|
Working depth
|
2.00/pd
|
2.00/pd
|
Whole depth
|
2.25/pd
|
2.2/pd+0.002
|
Circular tooth
thickness
|
1.571/pd (@circular pitch/2)
|
1.571/pd
|
Fillet radius
|
0.30/pd
|
Not standardized
|
Clearance
|
0.25/pd
|
0.25/pd+0.002
|
Minimum width at
top land
|
0.25/pd
|
Not standardized
|
Circular pitch
|
p/pd
|
p/pd
|
CHAPTER 8
GEARS
8.1TYPES OF GEAR
Figure 8.1
8.2Position of axes of the shafts.
The axes of the two shafts between which the
motion is to be transmitted, may be (a) Parallel, (b) Intersecting, and (c) Non-intersecting and nonparallel.
8.2.1Parallel:
types of
gears are between parallel shafts:-
Ø Spur gear
Ø Helical
gear
Ø
Herringbone gears.
Herringbone gears.
Figure
8.2
Spur gear:-
These gears
have teeth parallel to the axis of the wheel. The arrangement is known as spur gearing. They impose only radial loads. These are slow speed gears.
Helical gear :
which
the teeth are inclined to the axis. The single and double helical gears
connecting parallel shafts (a) and (b) respectively. The double helical gears
are known as Herringbone gears.
8.2.2Intersecting:
These
gears are called bevel gears and the arrangement is known as bevel gearing.
The bevel
gears, like spur gears, may also have their teeth inclined to the face of the
bevel, in which case they are known as helical
bevel gears.
Figure 8.3
8.2.3Non-intersecting and non-parallel:
The two
non-intersecting and non-parallel i.e. non-coplanar shaft connected by gears.
These gears are called skew bevel gears
or spiral gears and the arrangement is known as skew bevel gearing or spiral
gearing. This type of gearing also have a line contact, the rotation of
which about the axes generates the two pitch surfaces known as hyperboloids.
CHAPTER 9
STAGES OF AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION
9.1Park(P)
Selecting
the park mode will lock the transmission, thus restricting vehicle from moving
9.2Reverse( R)
Selecting the reverse mode puts
the car into reverse gear, allowing the vehicle to move backward.
9.3Neutral (N)
Selecting
neutral mode disconnects the transmission from the wheel.
9.3.1Low (L)
Selecting
the low mode will allow you to lower the speed to move on hilly andmiddy areas.
9.3.2Drive (D)
Selecting
drive mode allows the vehicle to move and accelerate through a range of gears.
9.4CLUTCH
A clutch is a mechanism which enables
the rotary motion of one shaft to be transmitted at will to second shaft ,whose
axis is coincident with that of first.
Clutch is located between engine and gear box.
When the clutch is flows from the engine
to the rear wheels through the transmission system and the vehicle moves . when
the clutch is disengaged ,the power is not transmitted to the rear wheels and
the vehicle stops, while the engine is still running.
Clutch is disengaged when-
a) Starting
the engine,
b)
Shifting the gears,
c)
Idling the engine
clutch is engaged only when the vehicle is to move and is kept engaged when the vehicle is moving.
Figure9.1
Fuel :Enough fuel in tank. Check
fuel pipes for cracks/leakage. Replace if found defective.
Steering /
Suspension : Smoothness, any play or looseness.
Controls :
Free play, smooth operation, positive return to the close position.
9.5Fuel Saving Tips
Ø Ride
smoothly and steadily at an optimum
speed of 30 40 kmph Ø Change the gear judiciously according to the speed requirement.
Ø
Avoid following
Ø
Sudden acceleration and frequent / sudden
braking.
Ø
Driving with foot on brake pedal.
Ø
Driving with partial disengaging of clutch (half
clutch).
Ø
Overloading & Driving at high speeds.
Ø
Over / under inflated tyres.
Ø
Keeping the engine running at traffic signals if
the idling time is more.
Running - In
Ø
During first 2000 km running-in period do not
exceed following speed limits.
Ø
Always keep within the specified running in
speeds.
Ø
Do not race the engine excessively.
Ø
Do not start moving or race the engine
immediately after starting. Run the engine for a minute at idle speed to give
the oil a chance to work up into the engine.
9.6Starting the Engine
Ø
Turn ignition switch key ON
Ø
Ensure that vehicle is in Neutral gear, by
confirming the neutral lamp in tell tale indicator is lit.
Ø
Check Tell tale lights for Battery charging
indicator in tell tale indicator is lit.
Ø
Use ignition switch key to start the vehicle.
Ø Wait
for about a minute for engine to warm up before engaging gears and moving on.
9.6.1Shifting Gears
Ø
Close the throttle while pressing the clutch.
Ø
Shift into the next higher or lower gear.
Ø
Open the throttle partially, while releasing the
clutch.
9.6.2Reverse Gear
For engaging reverse gear –
Ø
Change to neutral, stop the vehicle with engine
in idling condition.
Ø
Pull the reverse gear lever.
Ø
Press clutch .
Ø
Engage
transmission into first gear.
Ø
Release the clutch pedal lever and open throttle
to set the vehicle in motion.
9.7On Petrol mode
Ø
Put Selector switch in Petrol mode.
Ø
Wait for some time for filling of the
Carburettor bowl.
Ø
Crank the engine.
9.7.1Engine Oil replacement
Replace oil as per Lubrication Chart.
For Replacing Engine Oil :
Ø
Run the engine for about 10 minutes to warm up
the oil
Ø
Place the vehicle on a level ground so that the
oil settles down
Ø
Remove oil drain plug. Let the oil drain
completely
Ø
Tighten the drain plug
Ø Remove
oil filling plug and pour the correct quantity of recommended oil. • Ensure oil
level at top ‘C’ level of dipstick
Ø
Fit back oil filling plug. Ensure that there is
no oil leakage.
9.7.2Differential Oil level
Ø
Place the vehicle on a level ground.
Ø
Let the oil settle for a few minutes.
Ø
Remove differential oil level bolt.
Ø
The oil level is correct, if oil just starts
flowing out when bolt is removed.
Ø
If oil is not flowing out i.e. Less oil level
top up with specified oil till the oil starts flowing out.
Fit back oil level bolt.
9.8Propeller Shaft
Greasing Do the Propeller shaft greasing at every 5000 kms.
Use only following recommended grease for greasing the
propeller shaft. Hindustan petroleum - AP3
Castro/ volvotine - NLGI-3
Indian Oil - Servo RR3
Bellows of propeller shaft should
be kept in good condition and replaced immediately if torn. Torn bellows will
allow dust and water entry into the propeller shaft flanges which will cause
damage to flanges, slider blocks and pins and reduce its life.
9.9Brake Oil container
Brake oil
container is located on Master Cylinder near brake pedal. Check the brake fluid
level by looking at the reservoir. Check that the fluid level is between the
“Max” and “Min” lines. If the brake fluid level is near the “ Min” line, fill
it up to the “MAX” line with recommended
brake fluid.
CHAPTER 10
COST OF THE PRODUCT
SL
|
COMPONENTS
|
QUANTITY
|
COST(RS)
|
1
|
4 stroke engine
|
1
|
6000
|
2
|
Transmission shaft
|
1
|
1500
|
3
|
Yoke rod & coupling
|
2
|
1000
|
4
|
Clutch plate
|
1
|
500
|
5
|
Petrol tank
|
1
|
350
|
6
|
Gear box setup
|
1
|
2000
|
7
|
Brake wires
|
2
|
150
|
8
|
Clutch wires
|
2
|
100
|
9
|
Bolts & Nuts
|
1 box
|
100
|
10
|
Starting lever
|
1
|
300
|
Total
|
12000
|
CHAPTER 11
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
11.1Advantages
Ø
It transmits exact velocity ratio.
Ø
It may be used to transmit large power.
Ø
It has high efficiency.
Ø
It has reliable service.
Ø
It has compact layout.
Ø
Due to short distances used.
11.2Disadvantages
Ø
The manufacture of gears require special tools
and equipment.
Ø
The error in cutting teeth may cause vibrations
and noise during operation.
Ø
It is not suitable for the large Centre
distances because the drive will become bulky.
11.3Applications And Scope
Ø
Encourages public transport use as one can
easily get to one’s destination from the end point if in a hurry, or it is
raining, etc.
Ø
Encourages non-ownership of private vehicles as
point-to-point transportation is easily available for special occasions.
Ø
TSR/taxi drivers do not cheat when supply is
abundant and fare structure is reasonable, and so passengers are not scared of
hassles and arguments.
CHAPTER 12
CONCLUSION
Overall,
the worm gear differential seams viable for heavy, load-carrying vehicles used
for construction and material transportation as well as public transport such
as buses. However for small reduction ratios the system can be made even more
compact as mentioned above, hence permitting use in consumer vehicles. In this
project we gained the knowledge about the fabrication of differential system
and how the Gear box system in three wheeler auto works. All the required materials and parts are purchased
and assembled in our
college laboratory .In our project we gained hands on experience on assembling
the three wheeler auto. It meet over the ordinary existing auto .Our project
three wheeler auto rickshaw is built comparatively in small budget. Enough
knowledge on the functioning of the gear box
system and also about the assembling of the auto are gained
CHAPTER 13
REFERENCE
v
F.Amisano, G. Serra and M.Velardocchia (2001).
Engine Control Strategy to Optimize a Shift Transient During Clutch Engagement.
SAE 2001-World Congress. March 5-8 2001, Detroit,Michigan, USA.
v
Haj-Fraj A. and F. Pfeiffer (1999). Dynamics of
Gear Shift Operations in Automatic Transmission. DYMAC’99-First International
Conference of Integration of Dynamics, Monitoring and Control. Manchester, UK.
v
Karnopp D.C. and Rosemberg R. C. (1975). System
dynamics: a unified approach, Wiley, N.Y.
v
Paynter, H.M. (1961). Analysis and Design of
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